GE Healthcare Organization

Question: Write an essay on GE Healthcare organization? Answer: Introduction: Healthcare sector is the most integral part of the human lives. It is the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of ailments, injuries, diseases and other physical and even mental disorders. (Tulchinsky Varavikova, n.d.) The delivery of proper healthcare is ensured by the registered practitioners in associated health, medicine, pharmacy, psychology, dentistry, obstetrics and other professions in the healthcare sector. The accessibility of the healthcare service depends upon the regions, countries, groups and individuals which are also influenced by the social and economic conditions and also the different health policies of the different countries. In this regard, the healthcare organizations play an important role in meeting the health needs of the individuals who are unwell. The project is based on the assessment of the GE Healthcare which is the subsidiary of General Electric (GE). Evolution of the organization: GE healthcare is headquartered in United Kingdom which is the subsidiary of the General Electric. The main role of the GE Healthcare is to deliver patient care with transformational medical services to the people all around the world. Apart from the basic medical services, it also provides informational technologies, diagnostics, monitoring system of the patients, discovery of the drugs, manufacturing technologies of biopharmaceuticals and performance solution services. GE healthcare is considered to be the first of the business segment of the General Electric to have headquartered outside of the United States. It is previously known as the GE Medical Systems before the acquisition of Amersham plc. It was then renamed as the GE Healthcare. (Ge.com, 2015) Core Functions: There are five core functions of the GE Healthcare which are discussed below: Clinical Services- this is the main role of the organization which the healthcare service delivery to the individual patients or families wither in the clinic or at the home or communities. In this section, the functions are treatment, prevention, early detection of diseases, recovery and rehabilitation and the support systems within the clinic. Health Promotion- in this regard the non-clinical measures are also important in improving the health of the individuals. In this section the functions are to promote the health of the community by formulating public health policy, providing suitable information about health through education and skill development and lastly, the heath promotions must be evaluated. Corporate Service and Infrastructure- it is very important to support the health service promotion by managing the healthcare organizations through the availability of well educated and trained medical staffs, financial management, proper and advanced infrastructure, information technology, efficient administration and introduction of the quality improvement systems. Research, Policy and Planning- one of the important functions of the GE healthcare is the advocacy of health service at local and regional levels through the implementation of research projects and participation of the workforce must be in the policy and planning process. Cultural Safety- this functions include the cultural safety in the organizational structure, engaging patients and their families, designing programs and its delivery and maintaining efficient governance and community control. Enabling Technologies: The GE healthcare also has the provision of Industrial Internet which fosters enabling technologies and services which improves the healthcare service to the patients on a worldwide basis. (Www3.gehealthcare.com, 2015) In this regard, GE healthcare has a Centricity 360 Case Exchange which is a cloud-based application. There is clinical collaboration with the unaffiliated clinicians and patients by the distribution of patient images across geographical distance. This technology enabled swift conferring of patient cases, easy access of reports and images of patients in order to make rapid diagnosis and planning of treatments. Recently there has been a new joint venture between the Microsoft and the GE Healthcare in the healthcare IT industry through the Microsoft HealthVault which is a cloud-based service. This will improve the quality of the healthcare service and the experience of the patients. (Healthdesign.org, 2015) Business Problems: The former CEO and the GE Healthcare IT President, Jan De Witte highlighted in his speech the five important challenges and business problems that are within the healthcare sector. Some of them are discussed below: Consumerization of healthcare- the overall healthcare use has come down due to the shifting of the cost on to the consumers of the health services. This is instigated by the changes in the insurance sector in which the consumers are making decisions towards their healthcare choices. Costs broke away from revenue- the patients are alarmingly opting for low cost health services which is the reason behind the rise in the operating cost that outpaced the revenue. Patient population and labour resources- it is estimated that by the year 2020, there will be a shortage of 90,000 doctors in the US but the population of the aged is increasing day-by day and their insurance coverage is also expanding. This will be a problem in the healthcare sector. Risk in healthcare system- it is believed that around 40% of the primary care providers in the next three years will earn from value based payments which involves risk that were borne by the payers. Delivery of better health outcomes- there are many competitors in the healthcare sectors that incorporates cost effective innovation that improve the outcomes. This has been challenging for GE Healthcare to survive in this sector. Peer Review: Goal- Resolving the different business and healthcare problems in order to improve the lives of the people. Results and follow up- Meetings were held between the administrators in order to incorporate technologies and improve the existing IT solutions so that the service delivery is eased out and effective and efficient. Good Practice- Integration and Information on Radiology which ensure advanced imaging of the body maintaining efficiency and accuracy of the physician. Advanced technologies that will improve radiation oncology include Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance, and Positron Emission Tomography to analyze the critical issues in clinical and technological aspect. (Www3.gehealthcare.com, 2015) Literature Search: The paper on Evidence Based Healthcare Design in 2008 was formulated the survey on the evidence based healthcare design which augments the improved infrastructure and safety measure within the healthcare sector. The results of the survey recommended improving the design characteristics like incorporating single bedrooms, proper ventilation system, good environment, improved ergonomic design and other settings. Impact Organization Impact: Healthcare organization impact the sector significantly as it provides information about the management, manages cost, smooth the progress of quality management and improvement programs and thereby restores the quality of the lives of the patients. Technological progress in the form of information system is an important aspect of improving the healthcare organization. The impact of the organizational culture is important for the effective health service delivery using evaluation strategy that will improve the work lives of the employees. The better organization implies that there is enough coordination among the employees to improve the service delivery. Significance of the problem: The problems and the challenges that are discussed are crucial to the healthcare sector and to the GE Healthcare. In terms of consumerization the patients are diverting to such healthcare organizations where the cost of the service is low and inexpensive foregoing their health status. Now, patients are the most integral part of the healthcare business and the decrease in the patients implies that the operating cost will outpace the revenue, thereby affecting the overall profit and the business confidence of the GE Healthcare. Also the problem of scarce doctors, physicians and the primary care providers has posed as a problem. The aging population and their insurance coverage are expanding at a faster pace than the expansion in the labour pool. Thus, the problem will be severe to the GE healthcare. (The Official Microsoft Blog, 2011) Solutions Potential Solutions: The major problem is that the patients are seeking for inexpensive health services. So, the GE Healthcare must incorporate innovations to attract patients. The innovations must ensure that the technologies improve the quality of the lives of the patients. In this regard the GE Healthcare must introduce: Microchips Modeling Clinical Trials so that the tests on patients are conducted safely and accurately without the use of animals in the clinical trials Installing Hybrid Operating rooms so that the technological innovations are utilized to the maximum. Introducing digestible sensors that will help the physicians to understand the human body better and provide with effective treatment solutions. Appointments of doctors, physicians for the coming years so that the shortage of the doctors do not affect the sector. Prior attempts: GE Healthcare had initiated programs and strategies to resolve different issues which are: Innovation of the marketing strategy was adopted by GE Healthcare by developing Experienced Commercial Leadership Program and had introduced Case Exchange that help to improve the service delivery of the healthcare to the patients. (Moorman, 2013) In this regard, the limitations to these implementations proved to be detrimental to the GE Healthcare because the innovation marketing strategy enables the organization incur high cost which raised the price of the healthcare service driving away the potential patients. The patients are making conscious decisions regarding the healthcare choices taking their budget into consideration. (Forum, 2013) Recommended Solution: The main aim for the GE Healthcare is to reduce the cost of the organization in order to extract the maximum profit. So it is recommended to the GE Healthcare to incorporate a new novel approach to reduce cost which is the bundled payments. This is the phenomenon where the patients are able to pay a single fee for the series of services he will receive. In providing such discounts to the patients the organization must they themselves introduce cost effective technologies that will reduce the operating cost of the organization through which they would be able to transfer it to the patients by offering them bundled payments. This will serve the dual purpose of the incentive to install cost effective innovation that will improve the GE Healthcare service as well as will attract patients who will find the concept of bundled payments appropriate for their pocket as there will be no surprise cost. On the other hand, the role and the target of the HR should be doubled in order to hire more doctors, physicians and primary care providers so that there is no future shortage. (Lorenzetti, 2015) Intended Effects: The different cost effective technologies as listed above would prove to drive down the cost of the company. This will enable them to acquire higher profits. Through this strategy the healthcare providers can pass on the benefits to the patients by incorporating bundled payments which will attract more patients. On the other hand, the hiring of the doctors will have a sufficient supply of the physicians and doctors to cater to the growing aging population. (referralMD | Medical and Dental Referral Network Management, 2013) Contribution Of Course-Work: Application of learning: For the learning outcomes will be achieved by incorporating some learning activities. In this case, the application of the learning will be assessed through a survey with the potential patients, existing patients and the patients who have completed their treatments. Also the finance department is another crucial respondent in the analysis who will give the information regarding the cost and profit structure of the organization after the incorporation of the strategies. Significance of Project: The project on the GE Healthcare organization is important in analyzing the problems related to the cost structure, health outcomes and the infrastructure of the healthcare units. The project identified the problems of the sector with the recommendation of solutions to the problem to which the intended effects are discussed that will help to analyze the effectiveness of the different strategies. Reflections: The healthcare sector is the most important for the human survival which must be improved continuously for the better delivery of the health services. In this regard, the situation of the GE Healthcare is evaluated. The major problem that it faces is the high cost which is hindrance in the service delivery. The recommendation of bundled payments in this context is a suitable suggestion that will prove to increase the patient number. Also the incorporation of the different cost effective technologies will prove to be beneficial for the organization that would be able yield higher revenue and lower the cost. Conclusion: This project deals in the healthcare sector in the US and the focus of the study is the GE Healthcare. The problems of the sector are identified and potential solutions are recommended that will yield beneficial results. The bundled payment is the key to the solutions which will help to attract more patients and increase the revenue of the organization and the cost will be lowered by introducing some of the cost effective technologies that will improve the quality of the health service. References Anderson, J., Aydin, C. (2005). Evaluating the organizational impact of healthcare information systems. New York, NY: Springer. Forum, S. (2013). How GE Healthcare Is Solving The World's Most Complex Rural Health Challenges.Forbes. Retrieved 6 June 2015, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/skollworldforum/2013/08/09/how-ge-healthcare-is-solving-the-worlds-most-complex-rural-health-challenges/ Ge.com,. (2015). GE Healthcare. Retrieved 6 June 2015, from https://www.ge.com/news/company-information/ge-healthcare Gehealthcarefinnamore.com,. (2015). Quality Assurance. Retrieved 6 June 2015, from https://www.gehealthcarefinnamore.com/about-us-3/quality-assurance.html Healthdesign.org,. (2015). Review of the Research Literature on Evidence-Based Healthcare Design | The Center for Health Design. Retrieved 6 June 2015, from https://www.healthdesign.org/chd/research/review-research-literature-evidence-based-healthcare-design Khoumbati, K. (2010). Handbook of research on advances in health informatics and electronic healthcare applications. Hershey PA: Medical Information Science Reference. Lorenzetti, L. (2015). 5 trends that will redefine your healthcare experience in 2015. Fortune. Retrieved 6 June 2015, from https://fortune.com/2015/01/14/5-trends-that-will-redefine-your-healthcare-experience-in-2015/ Moorman, C. (2013). Marketing in a Technology Company: GE's Organizational Platform for Innovation. Forbes. Retrieved 6 June 2015, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/christinemoorman/2013/01/29/marketing-in-a-technology-company-ges-organizational-platform-for-innovation/ referralMD | Medical and Dental Referral Network Management,. (2013). 7 Biggest Innovations in Health Care Technology | referralMD. Retrieved 6 June 2015, from https://getreferralmd.com/2013/11/health-care-technology-innovations-2013-infographic/ Steinman, J. (2014). The Top 5 Challenges facing Healthcare Execs Today | GE Health IT Views. Ge-health-it-views.com. Retrieved 6 June 2015, from https://www.ge-health-it-views.com/ge-health-it-views/the-top-5-challenges-facing-healthcare-execs-today/ The Official Microsoft Blog,. (2011). Microsoft and GE Healthcare to Create New Joint Venture to Enable Better Population Health Management - The Official Microsoft Blog. Retrieved 6 June 2015, from https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2011/12/07/microsoft-and-ge-healthcare-to-create-new-joint-venture-to-enable-better-population-health-management/ Tulchinsky, T., Varavikova, E. The new public health. Vermaat, M., Sebok, S., Freund, S., Campbell, J., Frydenberg, M. Discovering computers 2016. WIRE, B. (2013). GE Healthcare Survey Reveals Many Healthcare Organizations Not Prepared for Capacity Management Challenges | Business Wire. Businesswire.com. Retrieved 6 June 2015, from https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130305005483/en/GE-Healthcare-Survey-Reveals-Healthcare-Organizations-Prepared#.VXJtcc-qqko WIRE, B. (2013). GE Healthcare Survey Reveals Many Healthcare Organizations Not Prepared for Capacity Management Challenges | Business Wire. Businesswire.com. Retrieved 6 June 2015, from https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130305005483/en/GE-Healthcare-Survey-Reveals-Healthcare-Organizations-Prepared#.VXJtcc-qqko Www3.gehealthcare.com,. (2015). About Us - gehealthcare.com. Retrieved 6 June 2015, from https://www3.gehealthcare.com/en/about_us Www3.gehealthcare.com,. (2015). Industry Knowledge Center | GE Healthcare IT - gehealthcare.com. Retrieved 6 June 2015, from https://www3.gehealthcare.com/en/Products/Categories/Healthcare_IT/Industry_Knowledge_Center

Why You Need To Make A Dubliners AP Essay Sample Choice

Why You Need To Make A Dubliners AP Essay Sample Choice'My Dubliners AP Essay Sample is good but the training videos are not.' This comment is made by a student to a teacher or lecturer. It is time to rethink one's outlook and thinking towards material. Once students realise that they need to be well versed in all aspects of the subject they can achieve high marks in this course.The process of building your course is crucial to the success of the program. You need to understand the complete value of this course to deliver the best results for your study abroad experience. For this you must know what you want from this course.Some students wish to study abroad as a family so that they can spend a year living in another country with their extended family. These students understand the value of being able to socialise and interact with people from different cultural backgrounds. They want to know more about other cultures and languages and have a real experience of different countries. They will use the course to enhance their social interaction skills so that they can communicate with people from a different culture.Students who wish to travel to another country for another part of their education would like to broaden their knowledge about international studies. Most students in this category take up a course in geography to widen their knowledge about world map.Cultural studies is one of the essential components of this course. Students who wish to specialize in it understand the cultural differences of their chosen country. The course may help them to understand different culture better and it would give them more insight on their cultural environment.These are the types of students who would be interested in a course in cultural studies. Other students, on the other hand, want to learn more about how to make friends with other students from different cultures.Sometimes students also wish to move beyond the national curriculum. There are many choices for inter national studies, and it is important to select a course that suits your needs.Many students find it helpful to access the Internet to do research on the topic of study. If you are looking for a course that requires you to be physically present in an area, you should select one that allows you to use the Internet. Online courses are more convenient. This is why you can gain more information on the subject from an online college than a face-to-face class.

Fusion Essays - Fusion Power, Plasma, Tokamak,

Fusion Fusion reactions are inhibited by the electrical repulsive force that acts between two positively charged nuclei. For fusion to occur, the two nuclei must approach each other at high speed to overcome the electrical repulsion and attain a sufficiently small separation (less than one-trillionth of a centimeter) that the short-range strong nuclear force dominates. For the production of useful amounts of energy, a large number of nuclei must under go fusion: that is to say, a gas of fusing nuclei must be produced. In a gas at extremely high temperature, the average nucleus contains sufficient kinetic energy to undergo fusion. Such a medium can be produced by heating an ordinary gas of neutral atoms beyond the temperature at which electrons are knocked out of the atoms. The result is an ionized gas consisting of free negative electrons and positive nuclei. This gas constitutes a plasma. Plasma, in physics, is an electrically conducting medium in which there are roughly equal numbers of p ositively and negatively charged particles, produced when the atoms in a gas become ionized. It is sometimes referred to as the fourth state of matter, distinct from the solid, liquid, and gaseous states. When energy is continuously applied to a solid, it first melts, then it vaporizes, and finally electrons are removed from some of the neutral gas atoms and molecules to yield a mixture of positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons, while overall neutral charge density is maintained. When a significant portion of the gas has been ionized, its properties will be altered so substantially that little resemblance to solids, liquids, and gases remains. A plasma is unique in the way in which it interacts with itself with electric and magnetic fields, and with its environment. A plasma can be thought of as a collection of ions, electrons, neutral atoms and molecules, an photons in which some atoms are being ionized simultaneously with other electrons recombining with ions to form neutral particles, while photons are continuously being produced and absorbed. Scientists have estimated that more than 99 percent of the matter in the universe exists in the plasma state. All of the observed stars, including the Sun, consist of plasma, as do interstellar and interplanetary media and the outer atmospheres of the planets. Although most terrestrial matter exists in a solid, liquid or gaseous state, plasma is found in lightning bolts and auroras, in gaseous discharge lamps (neon lights), and in the crystal structure of metallic solids. Plasmas are currently being studied as an affordable source of clean electric power from thermonuclear fusion reactions. The scientific problem for fusion is thus the problem of producing and confining a hot, dense plasma. The core of a fusion reactor would consist of burning plasma. Fusion would occur between the nuclei, with electrons present only to maintain macroscopic charge neutrality. Stars, including the Sun, consist of plas ma that generates energy by fusion reactions. In these ?natural fusion reactors? the reacting, or burning, plasma is confirmed by its own gravity. It is not possible to assemble on Earth a plasma sufficiently massive to be gravitationally confined. The hydrogen bomb is an example of fusion reactions produced in an uncontrolled, unconfined manner in which the energy density is so high that the energy release is explosive. By contrast, the use of fusion for peaceful energy generating requires control and confinement of a plasma at high temperature and is often called controlled thermonuclear fusion. In the development of fusion power technology, demonstration of ? energy breakeven? is taken to signify the scientific feasibility of fusion. At breakeven, the fusion power produced by a plasma is equal to the power input to maintain the plasma. This requires a plasma that is hot, dense, and well confined. The temperature required, about 100 million Kelvins, is several times that of the Su n. The product of the density and energy confinement time of the plasma (the time it takes the plasma to lose its energy if not replaced) must exceed a critical value. There are two main approaches to controlled fusion ? namely, magnetic confinement and inertial confinement. Magnetic confinement of plasmas is the most highly developed approach to controlled fusion. The hot plasma is contained by magnetic Fusion Essays - Fusion Power, Plasma, Tokamak, Fusion Fusion reactions are inhibited by the electrical repulsive force that acts between two positively charged nuclei. For fusion to occur, the two nuclei must approach each other at high speed to overcome the electrical repulsion and attain a sufficiently small separation (less than one-trillionth of a centimeter) that the short-range strong nuclear force dominates. For the production of useful amounts of energy, a large number of nuclei must under go fusion: that is to say, a gas of fusing nuclei must be produced. In a gas at extremely high temperature, the average nucleus contains sufficient kinetic energy to undergo fusion. Such a medium can be produced by heating an ordinary gas of neutral atoms beyond the temperature at which electrons are knocked out of the atoms. The result is an ionized gas consisting of free negative electrons and positive nuclei. This gas constitutes a plasma. Plasma, in physics, is an electrically conducting medium in which there are roughly equal numbers of p ositively and negatively charged particles, produced when the atoms in a gas become ionized. It is sometimes referred to as the fourth state of matter, distinct from the solid, liquid, and gaseous states. When energy is continuously applied to a solid, it first melts, then it vaporizes, and finally electrons are removed from some of the neutral gas atoms and molecules to yield a mixture of positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons, while overall neutral charge density is maintained. When a significant portion of the gas has been ionized, its properties will be altered so substantially that little resemblance to solids, liquids, and gases remains. A plasma is unique in the way in which it interacts with itself with electric and magnetic fields, and with its environment. A plasma can be thought of as a collection of ions, electrons, neutral atoms and molecules, an photons in which some atoms are being ionized simultaneously with other electrons recombining with ions to form neutral particles, while photons are continuously being produced and absorbed. Scientists have estimated that more than 99 percent of the matter in the universe exists in the plasma state. All of the observed stars, including the Sun, consist of plasma, as do interstellar and interplanetary media and the outer atmospheres of the planets. Although most terrestrial matter exists in a solid, liquid or gaseous state, plasma is found in lightning bolts and auroras, in gaseous discharge lamps (neon lights), and in the crystal structure of metallic solids. Plasmas are currently being studied as an affordable source of clean electric power from thermonuclear fusion reactions. The scientific problem for fusion is thus the problem of producing and confining a hot, dense plasma. The core of a fusion reactor would consist of burning plasma. Fusion would occur between the nuclei, with electrons present only to maintain macroscopic charge neutrality. Stars, including the Sun, consist of plas ma that generates energy by fusion reactions. In these ?natural fusion reactors? the reacting, or burning, plasma is confirmed by its own gravity. It is not possible to assemble on Earth a plasma sufficiently massive to be gravitationally confined. The hydrogen bomb is an example of fusion reactions produced in an uncontrolled, unconfined manner in which the energy density is so high that the energy release is explosive. By contrast, the use of fusion for peaceful energy generating requires control and confinement of a plasma at high temperature and is often called controlled thermonuclear fusion. In the development of fusion power technology, demonstration of ? energy breakeven? is taken to signify the scientific feasibility of fusion. At breakeven, the fusion power produced by a plasma is equal to the power input to maintain the plasma. This requires a plasma that is hot, dense, and well confined. The temperature required, about 100 million Kelvins, is several times that of the Su n. The product of the density and energy confinement time of the plasma (the time it takes the plasma to lose its energy if not replaced) must exceed a critical value. There are two main approaches to controlled fusion ? namely, magnetic confinement and inertial confinement. Magnetic confinement of plasmas is the most highly developed approach to controlled fusion. The hot plasma is contained by magnetic

Conflict in China essays

Conflict in China essays Why did the centurys long dynastic rule end in china? China is one of the worlds most ancient nations with a recorded history that stretches back more than 4000 years. For centuries, China was ruled by dynasties of powerful emperors and had not had any contact with the western world. Over the centuries, China was able to develop and advanced civilisation, producing amazing inventions and remarkable works of art, Chinas single-minded independence, left it unable to deal with the European world. The Chinese emperors refused to allow any political, social, or economic change and China stood still. In the 18th century, European technology overtook Chinas, and the country was unable to resist the influence of the European traders landing on its shores. China was ruled by five dynasties from A.D. 581 1911, the last one being the Qing dynasty who put their own emperor a six-year-old boy on the throne. The emperors each had their won internal problems. Some were corrupt, extravagant, and like the Manchus, were warriors. They were mean and strict in their relations with their Chinese subjects. People became fed up with the emperors, taxes were too high, and some poor families even had to sell their own children to get money. The Europeans started to come and they brought with them new crops of tobacco and corn. However, there was an imbalance on trade. The Chinese were exploited for their tea, spices, raw silk, sugar, porcelain and jade, and in turn, could only purchase wool and spices from the Europeans. The Europeans did not want to trade in silver for Chinese goods, and opium was introduced. The British exploited the people by continuously supplying more and more opium. In 1839, China attempted to stop the trade and seized more than 20,000 chests of Indian opium and burned them. The British were angry and responded by blockading the port of Guangzhou and ...

A holistic health approach Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

A holistic health approach - Assignment Example Throughout the world, the incidence and prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing. The phenomenon to childhood overweight and obesity is a growingly serious public health concern, and despite advancement in knowledge about these conditions, definite biomedical interventions have failed to achieve any success in controlling these potentially morbid conditions which have proven serious health consequences in the adult health profiles. This has been reflected in trebling of the prevalence of these conditions in the last 20 years, and many children are affected with the negative health consequences of obesity. The prevention of childhood obesity is an active research area. It is now clear that management and prevention of childhood obesity is a problem that would need a strategic focus. Intervention through community programs have been suggested as important means. The childhood obesity research summit indicates the need to investigate the ways obesity intersects with the health care system. It has also been suggested that there is a need for focus on ongoing research and public health policy initiatives. The intervention at the family life course approach is an option; however, the exact interventions are not known, since the theoretical backgrounds of the etiology of childhood obesity are not distinctly and specifically known. Research investigating the pathophysiological parameters may serve as information to design interventions. They indicate that there may be three perspectives, the epidemiological, pathological, or homeostatic or energy balance perspectives. All interventions thus should be directed to control these factors. Control of current overweight in children at a behavioral level and sustained behavioral changes and their promotions would lead to reduction of excess fat and would thus reduce the risks of future disease. Need to Pursue the Research The most successful approaches to weight management in childhood have been indicated to be comprehensive interventions involving behavior management in relation to diet and physical activity, which have implications in long-term weight control and overall health status. The clinical trials that have investigated these approaches and interventions are limited in their abilities to determine the relative efficacies of individual strategies. The basic fact is that there exists an imbalance between intake of energy and expenditure. For example dietary pattern, addiction to television, tendency to have sedentary lifestyles, and an overall paucity of physical activities play key roles in creating these imbalances and thus represent an opportunity for intervention in a holistic fashion. If such interventions are applicable in the home environment, it would be most ideal. Therefore, a research is indicated and due which is being proposed here which would investigate the role of holistic fami ly-oriented treatment in reducing pediatric obesity. The Research Question What is the role of holis

Corruption in Law Enforcement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Corruption in Law Enforcement - Research Paper Example Rather, a synchronized policy framework is needed most. The present paper is aimed at focusing on the various aspects of corruption in the sphere of law enforcement and policing. The paper has three parts: Introduction, Discussion, and Conclusion. Discussion Corruption in law enforcement is a very serious problem because it is a kind of evil that can render the whole public administration system of a country defunct. When law enforcement officials began to indulge in accepting bribes in the form of prostitutes, money, luxury items, etc. and help the criminals to escape the reach of law, a process of pervasive social and administrative deterioration sets in. Local notorious elements like the smugglers, mafia, sex racketeers, etc. may become so powerful that they begin to challenge the rule of law, disobey the authority of the state, and start their own system of organized crime. â€Å"Police agencies are constantly striving to improve recruitment, application, and training procedures and to identify those individuals best suited to fulfill the roles of the police officer. It is therefore imperative to understand the nuances of officers’ perceptions of corruption to disseminate the most complete information as possible.† (Jenks et al, 2012, p. ... Law enforcement is an area that is typically looked after by the government. Government acquires the necessary funds to finance the law enforcement departments from public sector and other sources of revenues. Sometimes, this money falls shorter than the expectations of the employees in the law enforcement department. The problem may arise due to poor economic conditions, financial mismanagement, or negligence at the ministry level. The cumulative effect of these factors is that the public allocation process that is aimed at financing the various departments gets impaired and various government bodies, including the law enforcing authorities may experience fund crunch. Consequently, the wages of the law enforcement officials are not adjusted as per the increased costs of living and maintaining status. This leads to corrupt activities including bribery and espionage. (Benson, 1988) One form of corruption is abuse of authority. â€Å"Abuse of authority was defined as having three type s; physical abuse (i.e. excessive force and brutality), psychological abuse (i.e. harassment), and legal abuse (i.e. violating citizens’ rights). Corruption may also be conceptually divided according to whether it serves selfish or altruistic interests.† (Jenks et al, 2012, p. 7) Hence, when law enforcement officials start acting under the influence of some political agenda or anarchist attitude, the situation becomes even more complicated because then the immediate reason behind the corrupt activities is not simple and common greed. In such a scenario, a crisis situation becomes inevitable and according to the experts like Barker (2011, p. 1), â€Å"police ethics† can restrain the officers in such situations. Police ethics advocate a systematic dedication to

The Structure of the Kidney: Causes of Kidney Disease

The Structure of the Kidney: Causes of Kidney Disease The structure of the kidney The kidney is surrounded by the renal capsule and split into 3 sections, the medulla, the cortex and then the renal pelvis. Each kidney is supplied with oxygenated blood, by the renal artery and removes deoxygenated blood via the renal vein. Once the kidneys carry out their filtration mechanism, they empty their waste product, down the ureter. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and over a million of these are found within each kidney allowing it to carry out its function. Notice how it spans across the different kidney sections. (i) The juxtaglomerular apparatus is the main filtration of blood occurs in nephrons and this is where the glomerulus and Bowmans capsule interact. (ii) The mesengial cells are found closely associated with the filtration part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and their position links with their role in causing inflammation in glomeruli. (iii) The Podocytes are also found near glomerular capillaries and these may fuse together and influence the filtration of the glomerulus, causing Hodgkins disease. This disease is a type of swelling due to the diversion of accumulating products, which are not filtered and so deposited to other parts of the body. Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a type of kidney disease; where by filtration of the blood is disrupted. It is mainly associated with the glomeruli in the kidneys, becoming inflamed (NHS Choices 2009) and there can be different types of the disease which may be proliferative or non-proliferative. The main cause of the disease is not precisely known but, there are many possible explanations. The most common explanation for proliferative GN is due to an immune system response, where inflammatory cells like platelets or macrophages become trapped in the glomeruli (Couser 1999). Here they circulate and accumulate, initiating a mechanism that leads to inflammation of the glomeruli (Couser 1999). This is the mechanism for the most common form of proliferative GN, known as Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy (DAmico 1987). This is when IgA proteins, which fight infections, build up within the glomeruli and therefore inflammation (Geeky Medics 2010). Another immune system response involves antibodies interacting with antigens, formed by the glomerular basement membrane, which can also trigger inflammation (Watson and Royle 1987). Another possible explanation for proliferative GN is infection-related, following invasion by bacteria of the Streptoccoci strain (Ryan and Ray 2004), which targets the skin or pharyngeal tissue (Watson and Royle 1987). This results in post-infectious GN which can also be associated with other infections like bacterial endocarditis or HIV (Mayo Clinic 2009). In addition, it is also suggested that vasculitic disorders, like Wegeners Granulomatosis can result in crescentic GN (Geeky Medics 2010) (Figure 4). Crescentic GM In Wegeners Granulomatosis, blood vessels become inflamed, having an effect on the filtration rate of the glomerulus and leads to the formation of crescent shaped scars. Non-proliferative GN can be idiopathic, such as membranous GN, or may just simply be genetically linked like focal segmental GN (Geeky Medics 2010). When looking at GN (mainly proliferative) we need to also consider the mesengial cells (Figure 3, ii). GN can be recognised by an increase in the number of mesengial cells and their intracellular contents (Churg 2006). They rapidly multiply, increasing the thickness of this layer and press against the glomerular capillaries (Churg 2006) (Figure 5). Histology of proliferative GN As the mesengial cells multiply, they increase in number and compress against the glomerular capillary and contribute towards the glomerulus increasing in circumference. Taken from (Churg 2006). In some cases, the mesengial cells may even invade the glomerular capillaries and sit in between the filtration part of the nephron, made up of endothelial cells and the basement membrane (Figure 6) (Churg 2006). Hence, the basement membrane appears split, disrupting renal filtration and therefore resulting in a certain type of GN, known as membranoproliferative GN (Hope et al. 1993). A Normal Glomerular Capillary Proliferation of the mesengial cells leads to invasion between the epithelial cells and the basement membrane, disrupting glomerular filtration and leading to GN. Taken from www.uncnephropathology.org/jennette/ch1.htm The glomerular capillaries are also where proteins from the immune system may be trapped between the basement membrane and the epithelial cells, which accumulate and form humps in the glomerular capillary walls (Churg 2006), resulting in membranous GN (Hope et al. 1993). Specifically in crescentic GN, which is infection related, there is an increase in epithelial cells which compress the glomerulus and causes scars, described as crescent shaped (Malvinder 2008) (Figure 4). However there can be milder forms of GN, with the most common being minimal change GN, caused by the fusion of podocytes (Hope et al. 1993) (Figure 3, iii). When looking at post-infectious GN, we find that it is normally the group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus bacteria which causes infection (Watson and Royle 1987) and brings about acute post-streptococcal GN (APSGN) (Duvuru 2010). The activity of this bacterium is thought to be associated with the accumulation of streptococcal antigens, binding to the immune antibodies, which are then deposited on the glomerulus basement membrane (Field et al. 2010) (Figure 7). APSGN (Arrows show where the antigen-antibody complexes have been deposited.) As the antigen is bound to the antibodies, it prevents the antibodies from inflicting a defence mechanism and leads to modification of the glomerular basement membrane (Field et al. 2010). There are many signs and symptoms associated with GN, which can vary between the different forms of GN, but there are common symptoms that are found in all types. As the glomeruli are obstructed, filtration is reduced and allows for blood to leak into the tubules and therefore this blood passes out into the urine (Watson and Royle 1987). The urine may also be described as cloudy and this is due to proteinuria. This is when excess serum proteins are passed out, in the urine (Nordqvist 2009) due to the impaired filtration mechanism (Field et al. 2010) . This excess serum may also be linked with symptoms of nausea and vomiting, which are also associated with GN (Unanue 2011). The urine may also be described as, haematuria, where red blood cells are lost, triggering anaemia in GN sufferers (Watson and Royle 1987). Another common symptom is swelling, as there is a diversion of accumulating products, which are not filter, to other parts of the body (Hicks 2009). Symptoms related to respira tory problems such, a sore throat or skin rash would be more significant in post-infectious GN due to streptococci bacteria infecting the pharyngeal tissue and the skin (Feldon et al. 2010). Another common symptom is hypertension, caused by salt and water preservation and therefore activation of the renin-angiotensin system (Field et al. 2010) (Figure 8). The Renin-angiotensin (aldosterone) system (RAS) As there is an accumulation of water and salt, the circulating volume also increases and activates RAS. RAS then vasoconstricts blood vessels, causing an increase in blood pressure, which is a symptom of GN. Diagnosis of GN, tends to be via Urinalysis, in order to find the presence of blood and proteins in the urine (Haggerty 2002). Also a blood test can be taken and if there is an accumulation of waste products, such as creatinine or urea-nitrogen then this can indicate GN (Haggerty 2002). The blood can also be checked for anti-streptolysin titre, due to reactions by streptococci bacteria and another indication of GN (Brunner and Suddarth 1990). Otherwise a much simpler swab of the throat could be used to detect the streptococcal infection, which is used widespread (Hicks 2009). A final diagnostic evaluation is by carrying out a renal biopsy in order to view the inflamed glomeruli and accumulation of cells surrounding the glomerular capillaries (Brunner and Suddarth 1990).These tend to be the most common diagnostic procedures but investigations can be made by means of other methods, like in radiology, where a renal ultrasound is used (Hope et al. 1993). Treatments on GN sufferers can range and depends on the type of GN that they suffer from, but the main aim of treatment is to promote kidney function and reduce symptoms of GN (Hicks 2009). By simply getting plenty of rest, until the urine becomes clear and levels of nitrogenous waste products regularize, can encourage the regain of renal function and a reduction of the other symptoms associated with GN (Hope et al. 1993). Another treatment used is by regulating the diet and fluids of the GN sufferer, for example, by placing restrictions on dietary proteins and compensating for fluid loses by drinking plenty of fluids (Hope et al. 1993). It has been predicted that drugs which block the Angiotensin II receptors or ACE inhibitors may be a form of treatment, for reducing the effects of GN, but this is still being investigated (McMillan 2010). As there are different forms of the disease, different drugs may be used to treat each form, for example in GN caused by immune response, corticos teroids or immunosuppressant may be used, but this is not a definite treatment for GN (McMillan 2010). Treatment of vasculitic disorders like Wegeners granulomatosis, can be a form of treatment, which found that plasma exchange can be used to minimise the effects of immune antibodies which lead to the development of GN (Casian 2011). Current novel methods being researched, investigate pathological mechanisms of GN, to possibly produce a drug to reverse this mechanism. One interesting study identified that the voltage-gated potassium channel, Kv1.3 was found in the glomeruli and tubules of rats, with GN (Hyodo et al. 2010).They suggest that Kv1.3 targets and restrain memory T cells, which act like an immune response by recognising foreign bodies (Hyodo et al. 2010). After using a Kv1.3 blocker drug, they found that the rats produced less proteinuria and their glomeruli had less scarring (Hyodo et al. 2010). The study concluded that this Kv1.3 could be the cause of GN and could be a useful finding to potentiate a cure for GN in humans, which is still being investigated (Hyodo et al. 2010). Another study suggested that kidney disease may be linked with bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are growth factors that are important in the regulation on kidney function (Suh et al. 2011). As they interact with binding sites found in the epithelial cells, this study investigated whether polymorphism of the gene for BMP, may play a role in GN (Suh et al. 2011). The study concluded that mutations in this gene may cause children to become susceptible to IgA nephropathy, which is currently being investigated and could mean a possible treatment mechanism (Suh et al. 2011). One other study investigated the presence of myleoperoxidase-associated anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA) and anti-glomerular basement antibodies (anti-GBM Ab) as a possible cause of the crescent shaped scars in rapid progressive GN (RPGM), but this is also still being investigated (Nakabayashi et al. 2011). To conclude GM, is a diverse renal disease, which can be acute or chronic in terms of its causes and consequences. The disease is still being thoroughly investigated today as no definite treatment has been found. Word count 1.498